The skin is the largest organ in the human body with vital functions such as the integrity of the barrier, thermoregulation, immune function, protection against ultraviolet rays and protection against invading microbes. A baby´s or children´s skin is different from adult one. Baby´s skin is thinner, more sensitive and offers less defense to microorganisms. The immersion bath is the most indicated, using mild products that do not significantly affect the pH of the skin. Sponges should not be used. The excess of baths can alter the bacterial flora and barrier function of the skin. In newborns, the umbilical stump should be kept clean and dry.
Regular application of moisturizer on the skin from birth reduces the incidence of atopic dermatitis in full-term infants at high risk for the disease. Emollients should be applied in a thin layer, avoiding accumulation in the cutaneous folds. The diaper area should be kept clean and dry, with frequent diaper changes.
The exposure of the skin surface to alkaline mixtures of feces and urine alters the local pH of the skin and impairs the barrier function. Barrier ointments can be used not only to prevent, but also to treat diaper dermatitis. Sun exposure hepls the synthesis of vitamin D which is important for bones. Children should avoid excessive exposure to sunlight, especially between 10:00 am and 3:00 pm, due to the risk of burns. Photoprotection measures can be used, such as protective clothing, umbrella and hat. The use of protectors should be indicated for children older than six months, with a protection factor higher than 30. Sunscreen must be reapplied after entering the water. Nails must be kept short. Before using any product on your child’s skin, consult a specialist. A lot of products labeled safe contain substances that can cause contact allergies.
References :
1) Johnson E, Hunt R. Infant skin care: updates and recommendations. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2019 Aug;31(4):476-481.
2) Madhu R, Vijayabhaskar C, Anandan V, Nedunchelian K, Thangavelu S, Soans ST, Shastri DD, Parekh BJ, Kumar RR, Basavaraja GV. Indian Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines for Pediatric Skin Care. Indian Pediatr. 2021 Feb 15;58(2):153-161.
